Files

Coming from Python / Node? No try/except, no .catch(), no checking err != nil. Every filesystem call that can fail returns a fallible value, and the compiler makes you address it with or right where you call it. The failure is visible at the call site, always.

fn main() {
    // Write a file (creating or truncating it).
    std::io::fs::write_file("greeting.txt", "hello\n") or raise;

    // Read it back. read_file returns the whole contents as a String.
    let body = std::io::fs::read_file("greeting.txt") or "(empty)";
    println(body);
}

For main to use or raise, main would need to be fallible; more often at the top level you substitute or report:

fn main() {
    let body = std::io::fs::read_file("config.toml") or {
        eprintln("no config; using defaults");
        return;
    };
    use_config(body);
}

All of these live under std::io::fs and all are fallible(IoError) except file_exists:

When a call fails, the IoError payload carries a kind (String), the raw errno (Int), and the path (String). kind is a stable tag derived from the OS error — "not_found", "permission_denied", "already_exists", "is_dir", and so on. So you can branch on the kind of failure without parsing error strings:

fn handle_io(e: IoError) -> String {
    if e.kind == "not_found" {
        return "";                     // treat missing as empty
    }
    eprintln("io error on ", e.path, ": ", e.kind);
    return "";
}

fn load(path: String) -> String {
    return std::io::fs::read_file(path) or handle_io(err);
}

This is the or handler(err) motion from the basics, put to work: one recovery function shared across every read.

or discard is handy for “make sure this exists; don’t care if it already did” — it’s allowed because the result type is ():

std::io::fs::mkdir("cache") or discard;

std::compress and std::tar work over Bytes in memory, so building a .tar.gz is a pipeline of ordinary calls:

fn ship(report: Bytes) fallible(IoError) {
    let a = std::tar::pack(std::bytes::from_string(""),
        "out/report.json", report) or raise;
    let archive = std::tar::finish(a) or raise;
    let tgz = std::compress::gzip(archive) or raise;
    std::io::fs::write_bytes("report.tar.gz", tgz) or raise;
}

Reading goes the other way: read_bytes → gunzip → tar::entries / entry_name / entry_data to walk what’s inside. zstd / unzstd are the faster-newer siblings — they load libzstd at first use, and fail with kind == "not_found" on a machine that doesn’t have it (gzip always works). Corrupt or truncated input fails with kind == "invalid" rather than crashing, and decompression refuses to expand past 1 GiB in one shot — a zip bomb is an error, not an OOM.

read_file / write_file are whole-file, one-shot. When you want a file handle you read from incrementally — line by line, or seeking around — use std::io::file::File, a locus that holds the open descriptor for its lifetime:

let f = std::io::file::open("log.txt", "r") or raise;
let line = f.read_line() or "";
// ... f closes when it goes out of scope

That “closes when it goes out of scope” is the locus lifecycle quietly at work — f owns the descriptor and releases it when its binding’s scope ends. You’ll see that mechanism in full at the services level; here it just means you don’t write a manual close.

Next: structured data on disk and the wire — JSON.